Journal Title Bioma : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi Frequency Biannual (April & October) DOI Prefix 10.26877 by ISSN p-ISSN: 2086-5481; e-ISSN: 2549-9890 Editor-in-chief Lussana Rossita Dewi, S.Si., M.Pd Publisher LPPM Universitas PGRI Semarang Indexing Science and Technology Index (Sinta) | Google Schoolar | GARUDA | Crossref | Dimensions | ROAD | BASE| One Search | Bioma: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi (p-ISSN: 2086-5481; e-ISSN: 2549-9890) is an Open Access Journal publised by Biologi Education, Faculty of Mathematics, Science, and Technology Information Education, Universitas PGRI Semarang. By publishing twice a year, on April and October, Bioma is intended to communicate the result of scientific research related to the field of Biology and Biology Education. Bioma has established a collaboration with Indonesian Biology Education Consortium (KPBI) since March 2021. Since Volume 10 Issue 1, April 2021, Bioma had been changes the layout. For writings to be loaded, the authors of the contributors should pay attention to the author's guideline. An article published in Bioma should meet the Editorial Board requirements. The Editorial Board has the right to change the editorial and systematic writing without altering the contents of the manuscript.
Prodi Pendidikan Biologi, FPMIPATI, Universitas PGRI Semarang
VISUAL REPRESENTATIONS ANALYSIS OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL BIOLOGY TEXTBOOKS ABOUT THE HUMAN MOVEMENT SYSTEM
This study aims to identify the proportions and types of visual representations in Grade XI Biology textbooks, specifically on the topic of the Human Locomotion System. Visual content in Biology textbooks plays a crucial role in facilitating students’ understanding of biological concepts; however, previous studies have shown that such content remains limited in depth and rarely connects biological material to real-life contexts. The objective of this research was to examine the functions and forms of visual representations in selected textbooks, and to evaluate their alignment with principles of effective visual representation. Employing a qualitative content analysis approach, four textbooks were analyzed using a classification framework that classified the visual representations by their function (decorative, illustrative, explanatory, complementary) and by their form (e.g. illustrations, diagrams, tables, maps). The results revealed that visual representations were predominantly illustrative in both function and form across all Biology textbook samples. Among the samples, the YT textbook demonstrated the highest quantity and diversity of visual content, while KM had the fewest. These findings suggest that the textbooks have not fully adhered to the principles of effective visual representation, which may limiting students’ understanding of complex biological concepts. It is recommended that future editions increase both the quantity and variation of visual content to enhance pedagogical effectiveness and promote deeper learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 BIOMA : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi
ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE STUDY OF Solanum torvum Sw.
The Anatomy of Tekokak (Solanum torvum Sw.) is a plant that grows wild in the forest and its fruit is used as a vegetable. This study aims to complete the study of the anatomical structure of tekokak and identify typical microscopic characteristics that can be used as specific markers. This research is important in order to contribute to the scientific documentation of local plant taxonomy and support the utilization of plants in the fields of pharmacy, conservation, and as an a reference for botanical education in Biology. The research data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive method by comparing the characteristics of the samples found with references. The results of this study include image data and qualitative descriptive data obtained from the anatomy of the roots, stems and leaves of Solanum torvum Sw The root of S. torvum Sw. consists of the epidermis, exodermis, a cortex layer made up of cortex parenchyma, endodermis with Casparian strips, a pericycle or pericambium layer, special medullary ray structures, and vascular tissues, xylem, and phloem. The stem part is composed of an epidermis with star-shaped non-glandular trichomes, lamellar collenchyma, cortex, endodermis layer, pericycle, vascular tissue comprising xylem and phloem, and pith. The anatomical difference between unbranched and branched stems lies in the arrangement of the vascular bundles, the thickness of the supportive tissue, and the complexity of the vascular tissue, indicating structural adaptations to the position and function of the stem. On the stem found scalariform trachea, annular trachea, reticulate trachea, thickened reticulate trachea, tracheid, fiber tracheid and libriform fiber. The leaf cross-section shows adaxial epidermis with cuboid-shaped cells and anisocytic stomata, palisade parenchyma, spongy parenchyma, abaxial epidermis with anomocytic stomata, and non-glandular star-shaped trichomes.
Histological observation; Internal structure; Plant anatomy; Solanaceae
THE FEASIBILITY OF HEYZINE-BASED E-FLIPBOOK MEDIA FOR KINGDOM MONERA SUB-MATERIAL
E-flipbook media is one of the audio-visual media presented in HTML format. It can be presented by using the online application service, Heyzine. The e-flipbook presents the results of the antibacterial test of thorny bajakah stem extract (Caesalpinia sumatrana Roxb.) against Salmonella typhi and its related to the kingdom monera sub-material in the tenth grade senior high school. The research was conducted as descriptive quantitative with the presentation of data from the analysis of media feasibility. The data of media feasibility was collected in the form of a validation sheet conducted by 5 validators using a Likert scale with 5 aspects of validation, namely format, content, language, practicality, and effectiveness of the media. The feasibility test results show an average Aiken’s V value of 0.88 valid category with an ICC value of 0.863 very good category. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that e-flipbook is suitable for use as a learning media in schools.
IMPACT OF THE STUDENT FACILITATOR AND EXPLAINING MODEL INTEGRATED WITH SOCIO-SCIENTIFIC ISSUES ON ANALYTICAL THINKING SKILLS IN BIOLOGY EDUCATION
The Merdeka Curriculum is designed to transform education by enhancing student engagement and preparing learners to face the complexities of the modern era. However, observations at SMA Negeri 9 revealed that students still struggle to connect information from various sources and show low participation in class discussions. This study aimed to examine the effect of the Student Facilitator and Explaining (SFE) model integrated with Socio-Scientific Issues (SSI) on students’ analytical thinking in biology learning. The research used a quasi-experimental method with a non-randomized control group pretest-posttest design. Samples were selected using purposive sampling, consisting of an experimental class applying the SFE-SSI model and a control class using Problem-Based Learning (PBL). Data were collected through essay tests and observation sheets, and then analyzed using One-Way ANCOVA. The results showed a significant effect of the learning model on analytical thinking [F(1,69) = 12.245, p < 0.001, ηp² = 0.151]. It is concluded that the SFE model integrated with SSI effectively enhances students’ analytical thinking in biology learning.
THE IMPACT OF INADEQUATE LABORATORY PERSONNEL (LABORATORY HEADS, TECHNICIANS, AND ASSISTANTS) ON BIOLOGY PRACTICUM IMPLEMENTATION
This study aims to examine the limitations of human resources (HR) in school laboratories and their impact on the implementation of biology practicum activities at the senior high school level. A descriptive qualitative method was employed in Kotagede District, Yogyakarta, using purposive sampling to select two schools with active biology laboratories. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with laboratory personnel and biology teachers to explore the availability, involvement, and roles of laboratory staff in supporting practicum activities. The findings revealed significant differences between the two schools. School A had a complete laboratory staff, including a head of the laboratory and a laboratory assistant, which allowed practicum activities to be conducted in a structured and systematic manner, effectively supporting students' conceptual understanding and scientific understanding. supporting students' conceptual understanding and scientific skills. In contrast, School B lacked laboratory personnel, resulting in all practicum responsibilities being assigned to the biology teacher, which led to suboptimal implementation and limited student learning experiences. Therefore, efforts to increase the availability and competence of laboratory personnel in accordance with national standards are necessary. The presence of professional laboratory staff plays a crucial role in creating effective, meaningful, and skill-oriented biology learning through practicum-based approaches.
ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF RAJABIYAH TRADITION
Indonesia is a country with diverse tribes, cultures, and customs in each region. The Rajabiyah Tradition is a local culture of the Prawoto Village community in Pati Regency, the implementation of which is related to the use of surrounding plants, both for traditional rituals and religious rituals. This study aims to determine the ethnobotanical profile of the Rajabiyah Tradition which includes the istighosah procession, grave pilgrimage, buka luwur, washing of grave banners, luwur procession and cultural procession, and tabligh akbar. This study is a combined study, namely ethnographic research with a qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive research approach. Samples were taken using snowball sampling and purposive sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. Interviews were conducted with 30 informants who were 1 village official, 1 traditional leader, 1 grave caretaker, and 1 community leader and 26 residents of Prawoto Village. The results of the study obtained 49 types of plants used in each Rajabiyah Tradition procession which were grouped into 26 diversities of order levels. The most widely used order is the Zingiberales order and the most widely used part of the plant is the fruit. Each plant used has a different aspect of meaning which is the good hope of the people of Prawoto Village.
Culture, Ethnobotany, Rajabiyah Tradition
POTENTIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF ETHNOSCIENCE-ORIENTED LEARNING ON BIOTECHNOLOGY MATERIAL
There are still many science learning practices that focus on memorization and do not relate the subject matter to real life or the local cultural context of students. Science is often perceived as a difficult and boring subject because it relies heavily on technical terms and abstract material. This study aims to explore the potential implementation of ethnoscience oriented learning in biotechnology material at the junior high school level. Data were collected through interviews with 11 science teachers from Sub Rayon 05 of Grobogan Regency and classroom observations involving 3 peer teachers at SMP Negeri 1 Ngaringan. The interview was conducted using a Google Form-based questionnaire, while observation data were obtained through direct observation using a structured observation sheet. The results showed that teachers had a good understanding of ethnoscience (78.7%), and the potential for implementation was considered very high (84%). However, curriculum development remained the lowest aspect observed (67%). These findings indicate that while the conceptual understanding and enthusiasm of teachers toward ethnoscience are strong, effective implementation requires systemic support, training, and curricular alignment.
IN SILICO ANALYSIS ON BINDING ACTION OF TERPENE NATURAL COMPOUNDS FROM APOCYNACEAE FAMILY AGAINST SHV-1 BETA-LACTAMASE FROM Klebsiella pneumoniae
Antibiotic resistance is a growing threat to public health, particularly with hospital-acquired infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The limited treatment options for these infections are further complicated by the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains due to the overuse of antibiotics. This study investigates the potential of Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids (MIAs) derived from six genera within the Apocynaceae family as inhibitors of the beta-lactamase enzyme (bla-SHV-1), which plays a key role in antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Using the PyRx program for molecular docking, we assessed the binding affinity and interaction profiles of various MIAs with bla-SHV-1. Our results identified Paucidisine, (-)-19-Oxoisoeburnamine, and Paucidactine A as the most promising candidates, based on their interaction energies and binding modes. Detailed analysis of ligand-protein interactions, including hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions, revealed that these MIAs exhibit higher binding affinity and structural similarity to the native ligand bla-SHV-1. While these findings are promising, it is important to note that they are based on in silico models. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to validate the efficacy and safety of these MIAs as potential therapeutic agents. This research marks a significant step towards developing alternative treatment options for antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella infections, potentially improving patient outcomes and addressing the global challenge of antibiotic resistance. In conclusion, our study offers novel insights into the potential use of MIAs as inhibitors of bla-SHV-1, contributing to the ongoing efforts to combat antibiotic resistance. Future research should focus on validating these in silico results through rigorous experimental and clinical studies, considering the ethical implications of introducing new treatments.
BUILDING SUSTAINABILITY AWARENESS: INTEGRATING ESD INTO HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM EDUCATION
In response to global environmental challenges such as climate change, pollution, and resource depletion, this study aimed to develop and evaluate Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)–oriented science learning materials on the human digestive system to enhance students’ sustainability awareness. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) approach and the ADDIE model, the instructional materials were implemented in a quasi‑experimental design with two eighth‑grade groups at SMP Negeri 2 Tulis during the 2024/2025 odd semester. Sustainability awareness was measured using a 26‑item questionnaire administered as a pretest and posttest. The experimental group, which received the ESD‑oriented intervention, demonstrated a mean pretest score of 70.55 and a posttest score of 92.06 (mean N‑Gain = 0.63). The experimental group showed significantly higher gains in both sustainability awareness—especially in emotional engagement—compared to the control group. These outcomes suggest that integrating ESD into science learning not only improves conceptual understanding but also shaping environmentally responsible and reflective students.
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF TSS AND TDS FROM LANDFILL LEACHATE BY Equisetum hyemale
Leachate contains TSS (Total Suspended Solid) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solid) which causes turbidity and a blackish brown color in the leachate. One effort that can be made to deal with environmental pollution caused by leachate is phytoremediation. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of water bamboo as a phytoremediation agent for TSS and TDS from landfill leachate. This research is an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatment levels and three repetitions. The treatments given in this research were three variations of water bamboo, namely P0 : without water bamboo, P1: 750 g water bamboo, and P2: 1.000 g water bamboo. Based on research results, water bamboo is not effective in reducing TSS and TDS. The most optimal percentage reduction in TSS occurred in the P2 on the third day of the study (16.83%). The most optimal percentage reduction in TDS occurred in the P1 on the seventh day of the study (6.56%). The results of research show that phytoremediation can reduce Jatibarang Landfill leachate, especially TSS and TDS levels accumulated by the roots of water bamboo.
CLASS EVALUATION: DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS TEST INSTRUMENTS IN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM LEARNING
In an era of ever-developing education, it is important to ensure that the evaluation tools used in the classroom can reflect students’ true abilities in understanding complex concepts. Measuring higher order thinking skills (HOTs) is an integral part of assessing student understanding. The aim of the research is to develop and validate a test instrument specifically designed to measure higher order thinking skills in digestive system learning at the secondary school level. The Higher Order Thinking Skills framework by Resnick, 1987 was used to develop the instrument. This research uses a Research and Development Design (R&D) approach by adapting the ADDIE model which consists of five stages, that is: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. The research sample consisted of 30 class IX students at Al-Qona'ah Middle School who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The research results showed that there were eight out of ten valid questions with high reliability that were ready to be used to comprehensively measure students' HOTs abilities.
STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT ON LONG-TAILED MONKEYS (Macaca fascicularis) WITH ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
Macaca fascicularis merupakan salah satu jenis primata penghuni hutan yang memiliki arti penting bagi kehidupan di alam. Pemeliharaan Macaca fascicularis secara eks situ dalam kandang individu sering kali memicu perilaku abnormal pada Macaca fascicularis. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengayaan lingkungan untuk meminimalisir perilaku abnormal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi efektivitas program pengayaan ekologi dalam menurunkan perilaku abnormal pada Macaca fascicularis. Pengamatan perilaku dilakukan terhadap 4 ekor Macaca fascicularis yang berperilaku abnormal dengan jumlah jantan 3 ekor dan betina 1 ekor menggunakan metode focal animal sampling. Pengamatan perilaku dimulai tanpa pengayaan, kemudian diberikan perlakuan pengayaan berupa puzzle ball, dan feeding tube yang berisi wortel dan kacang panjang. Setiap pengamatan dilakukan selama 2 minggu, dengan frekuensi pengamatan sebanyak 2 kali sehari selama 30 menit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perilaku dominan Macaca fascicularis sebelum diberikan pengayaan, menunjukkan perilaku abnormal, istirahat, dan agonistik. Perilaku setelah diberikan pengayaan puzzle ball dan feeding tube yaitu mencari makan, makan, dan perilaku abnormal. Efektivitas kedua pengayaan tersebut dibuktikan dengan uji repeated measure ANOVA yang memiliki hasil (Sig. 0,007 < 0,05). Artinya terdapat perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan dalam mengurangi perilaku abnormal pada Macaca fascicularis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, pengayaan lingkungan dapat membantu mengurangi perilaku abnormal dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan Macaca fascicularis di penangkaran.
ISOLATION OF AnsB GENE FRAGMENT ENCODING L-ASPARAGINASE 2 ENZYME FROM Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 AND IT’S IN-SILICO DOMAIN CHARACTERISTIC
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia(ALL) is one of the cancer diseases often occurs in children and causes high mortality in children. One of the chemotherapy treatment suggested is using L-Asparaginase 2. However due to its difficult production process making this approach expensive for the public. Therefore production technology of this enzyme is crucial enabling cheaper for ALL treatment. This study aimed to isolate the AnsB gene sequence from Serratia plymuthica UBCF_13 and perform its further in-silico analysis. The research was started by designing specific primers for the AnsB gene, isolating the AnsB gene fragment using PCR-based approach, sequencing the AnsB gene fragment, cloning the fragment to the plasmid vector and further transformed into E. coli DH5α cell. Further data analysis was carried out using some bioinformatics tools such as BLAST, MEGA X, I-TASSER InterPro. Sequence data result successfully verified that the full length of AnsB gene is 1047 bp. InterPro analysis indicated that the L-Asparaginase 2 from S. plymuthica UBCF_13 has 2 domains, namely L-Asparaginase N-terminal spanning from amino acid 26 to 216, while its C-terminal spanned from amino acid 235 to 345. The physical fragment of the gene was also successfully cloned to the pGEM-T Easy vector and subsequently transformed into E. coli DH5α cell. This result provided information for alternative sources of L-Asparaginase 2 and it’s possible engineering.
ANALYSIS OF LEARNING PREFERENCES AND STYLES OF STUDENTS IN AGRIBUSINESS PLANT EDUCATION
Agribusiness vocational education has a strategic role in preparing skilled workers who are able to compete in the world of work. This study aims to analyze the preferences and learning styles of students in the Food Crops and Horticulture Agribusiness program at SMK Negeri 1 Bawen. The research method used is quantitative descriptive with data collection through questionnaires and interviews. The main focus of this study includes preferences for learning methods, learning methods, enthusiasm levels, and other supporting factors such as access to agricultural land and learning facilities. The results showed that 48.28% of students preferred a combination of theory and practice learning methods because they provided a deeper understanding and were relevant to the needs of the world of work. As many as 79.31% of students chose to study in groups because they allowed discussion and collaboration, while 20.69% of students preferred independent learning to focus on individual understanding. The level of student enthusiasm for agribusiness learning varied, with the majority showing high involvement especially in field practice activities. Supporting factors such as access to agricultural land, practice facilities, and teacher support played a significant role in increasing student motivation and skills. This study concludes that a balanced learning approach between theory and practice, supported by adequate facilities and cooperation with the industrial world, can optimize student learning outcomes. Recommendations include the development of an industry-based curriculum and increased support for students who do not have access to agribusiness land.
UTILIZATION OF LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER TO BREAK SEED DORMANCY AND GROWTH OF SUGAR APPLE (Annona squamosa L.) SAPLINGS
Generative propagation of sugar apple has obstacles caused by the hard seed coat that inhibits the imbibition process and the seeds become dormant. Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) can be used as a solution to break seed dormancy and the growth of sugar apple (Annona squamosa L.) seedlings. This study is conducted to determine the right concentration and soaking time of LOF, as well as to determine the effect of the interaction between concentration and soaking time of LOF for breaking seed dormancy and growth of sugar apple seedlings. The research is conducted using a randomized complete factorial design with 2 factors, namely LOF concentration (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) and soaking time (6, 12, 18, 24 hours). Data are analyzed using ANOVA and DMRT further test at 5% level. The results shows that the LOF concentration, soaking time and the interaction between the combination of LOF concentration and soaking time are not yet obtained to break seed dormancy and the growth of sugar apple seedlings. The use of 25% LOF concentration showed significant differences with other LOF concentration treatments (50, 75, 100%) on growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves and fresh biomass), but not significantly different compared to the control on all germination and growth parameters. Soaking times of 6 hours and 12 hours are not significantly different on all germination and growth parameters, but significantly different from soaking 18 hours and 24 hours on germination parameters (germination percentage and vigor index). The interaction of LOF concentration and soaking time is not significantly different on all germination and growth parameters.
POTENTIAL FOR IMPLEMENTING BIOLOGY LEARNING BASED ON THE QUR’AN IN HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM MATERIAL
When entering adolescence, physical growth and sexual maturation occur, if not equipped with positive values, it will have an impact such as free sex. The phenomenon of free sex is increasing due to the lack of understanding of the human reproductive system and religious values. The effort to overcome this is by integrating biology learning on the concept of human reproductive system with the values contained in the Qur'an. The purpose of this study is to analyse the potential application of Qur'an-based biology learning on human reproductive system. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with a sample of MGMP biology teachers in Mranggen sub-district using random sampling method. Supporting data sources came from the opinions of students, teachers and Head of Madrasah at MTs Al Furqon. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires, observations and interviews. Descriptive analysis technique was used to describe the implementation potential. With a percentage of 100%, teachers think there is potential for Qur'an integration on human reproductive system lesson. From the results of the questionnaire, with a percentage of 80%, teachers think there is potential to implement Qur'an-based biology learning on human reproductive system for madrasah students. The results of observations on teachers, students, madrasah head and infrastructure at MTs Al Furqon show that there is potential to implement Qur'an-based biology learning on human reproductive system lesson. It is hoped that later it can also be implemented to other biological concepts.
Biology Learning; the Qur'an, Human Reproductive System
THE IMPACT OF PROJECT-BASED LEARNING ON CREATIVE THINKING AND COGNITIVE LEARNING OUTCOMES AMONG HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Creative thinking skills in 21st-century learning have become essential competencies that students must possess; however, these skills have not been fully explored within the learning process, resulting in suboptimal learning outcomes. Therefore, an alternative instructional model is needed that can actively engage students in the learning process. One such model is Project-Based Learning (PjBL). This study aims to determine the impact of the PjBL model on students' creative thinking abilities and cognitive learning outcomes. The research was conducted at SMAN 11 Kota Jambi using a quantitative method. The research design employed was quasi-experimental, specifically the Non-randomized Control-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The subjects were 10th-grade students (Phase E), selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was conducted using One Way MANCOVA. Results from the analysis indicate that the PjBL model has a significant impact on students' creative thinking and cognitive learning outcomes, showing a moderate effect on creative thinking skills and a strong effect on cognitive learning outcomes.
T HELPER 17 (Th17) AND REGULATORY T (Treg) CELLS PROFILE IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS (T2DM)
One of metabolic disorder disease is Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM), leading to increased glucose, cholesterol, and lipid levels in the blood. Type 2 DM results in insulin resistance within the body. Glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid are the three main metabolic pathways which provide energy for T cells. T cells will ploriferate, differentiate and become active into T Helper-17 and T regulator (Treg) cells because of these pathways. The profile of TH-17 cells and Treg cells in type 2 diabetes will be opposite in terms of the number of their populations caused by metabolic disorders in the body. Type 2 diabetes make an immunology response with increasingly number of TH-17 cells, while lack of Treg cells. Many studies have shown that diabetes mellitus as a metabolic disease effect populations of T Helper-17 and regulatory T cells. Glycolysis is the main energy metabolism becomes important factor that stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of Th-17 cells. The energy produced from this metabolism is in the form of ATP, which is the result of glucose synthesis using the Glucose transporter (GLUT). Glucose transporters (GLUT-1) are most dominantly expressed by Th-17 cells and Treg cells. Metabolic disorder causes an imbalance in the population of TH-17 cells with Treg cells. This review will explain the profiles of TH-17 and regulatory T cells in Diabetes mellitus and their relationship with body metabolism disease.
ACTIVITY OF NONI EXTRACT (Morinda citrifolia L.) AS A BIOFUNGICIDE AGAINST THE GROWTH OF THE FUNGUS Fusarium oxysporum IN VITRO
Fusarium oxysporum is a fungus that attacks various plants and causes wilting. Several plants, including bananas, have experienced a decrease in productivity due to the Fusarium fungus. This research aims to determine the effect of the whole plant of noni plants (fruits, leaves, and twigs), methanol extract, and ethyl acetate on the growth of fusarium fungi. To determine the optimal extract concentration to inhibit fungal growth. This research is a factorial study with independent variables in the form of extract, ingredients (fruit, leaves, and twigs), and differences in concentration. The activity of the extract as a biofungicide was analyzed based on the fungal growth inhibition zone. The results were analyzed using Anava and continued with the Duncan test. The research results show that methanol extract and ethyl acetate extract of noni have the potential as bio fungicides for the fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Noni fruit ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 80% is optimum for inhibiting the growth of Fusarium oxysporum
DEVELOPMENT OF AUDIO VISUAL LEARNING MEDIA ON THE MATERIAL OF BLACK GLUTINOUS RICE GROWTH (Oryza sativa L var.glutinous) IN VITRO AT SMK AL HIDAYAH WULUHAN
The world of education in Indonesia always follows the era of development, whereas currently, education follows the digital era where every school requires teachers as educators to develop the learning media used. Learning media is a tool used to improve school learning quality. Supportive learning media allows students to receive material well. This audio-visual learning media research uses the research and development method (Research of Development), the research model used is the Plomp 2013 development model, which includes 3 steps, namely the Analysis stage (Analysis), the Prototype Design and Development stage, and the Evaluation stage, the evaluation stage includes validation of material experts, validation of media experts, and practicality sheets, namely questionnaires given to teachers and students. The results of the research on the development of audio-visual learning media obtained an average score of 84% with the category (very valid) in the validation of material experts, and an average score of 83% with the category (very valid) in the validation of media experts, obtained an average score of 89.3% in the practicality test for teachers with the category very practical, and obtained an average score of 84% in the readability test by students with the category (very practical).
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ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE SUNDA PANGOLIN (MANIS JAVANICA DESMAREST, 1822) IN THE NATURE TOURISM PARK OF BUKIT TANGKILING, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA
The Sunda pangolin, also known as Manis javanica, is a vulnerable mammal that can be found in Java, Sumatra, and Kalimantan. Unfortunately, due to hunting, poaching, land changes, and forest fires, particularly in Kalimantan, this species is now categorized as endangered on the IUCN Red List. To support conservation efforts and sustainability of the Sunda pangolin, it is crucial to gather more evidence about its ecological study and habitat. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the characteristics of the habitat and distribution of the Sunda pangolin in the Bukit Tangkiling Nature Park, Central Kalimantan. We surveyed between February and June 2022 using a Visual Encounter Survey (VES) combined with burrow count methods and camera traps. The survey included vegetation, potential nest and prey, and abiotic factors for the Sunda pangolin. We found a total of two individuals using a camera trap in plot 1 and direct observation in plot 3. Additionally, we located five potential Sunda pangolin nests. According to the distribution map, the Sunda pangolin can be found in hilly and valley areas, with an estimated population of 7.14 individuals/Ha. Vegetation analysis revealed an importance value index (IVI) of 148.84% for Acacia mangium. Based on PCA results, the abiotic factors of air and soil humidity support the existence of the Sunda pangolin and its nests. We also identified eight species of Hymenoptera and one species of Isoptera, which are potential food sources for the Sunda pangolin. Overall, this study provides essential information to support conservation efforts and sustainability of the Sunda pangolin in Kalimantan.
DEVELOPING E-MODULE ON IDENTIFICATION OF THE Schistosoma japonicum EGG’S IN HUMAN FECES, NORTH LORE DISTRICT, CENTRAL SULAWESI
The integration of digital technology into education is rapidly expanding. However, the use of technology in learning is often uneven. Limited literature on Schistosomiasis among students contributes to a lack of understanding about this disease. This study aimed to develop a valid, practical, and effective e-module for identifying Schistosoma japonicum worm eggs in human feces in North Lore District, Central Sulawesi. The ADDIE model was employed for the e-module's development, which included stages of needs analysis, design, development, and evaluation. The media and material validity test yielded highly valid results. The e-module's practicality was assessed as highly practical for use in teaching. The effectiveness of the media was determined to be highly effective, with an n-gain test score of 0.76, indicating a high level of learning. Based on these findings, the e-module is deemed valid, practical, and effective for use in biology education. This study is anticipated to be a reference for future researchers developing similar products in other biology subjects.
ECO-ENZYME : LIQUID ORGANIC FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH OF MUSTRAIN PLANTS (Brassica chinensis) AS SUPPORTING LITERACY AND NUMERATION
Eco-enzyme is a mixture of organic fruit peel waste fermented with a mixture of brown sugar and water. It can be used as organic fertilizer. The aim of the research is to find out how eco-enzymes help literacy and numeracy in the growth of mustard greens (Brassica chinensis). Eco-enzymes are made with a composition of 10:3:1: 10 liters of water, 3 kilograms of vegetable waste or fruit peels, and 1 kilogram of brown sugar. In a fifteen liter plastic container, dissolve brown sugar in water. Then, add the skins and vegetable waste, and cover tightly and ferment for three months. Mustard seeds are sown and planted in polybags. Watering is done with water every day; watering with eco-enzyme solution is carried out once every three days. The amount of eco-enzyme used is 0 ml, 7.5 ml, 15 ml, and 22.5 ml in one liter of water. The parameters measured for mustard plants are height (cm) and number of leaves (sheets). The research results showed that the application of eco-enzymes as organic fertilizer at a concentration of 7.5 ml had a positive impact on the height and number of leaves of mustard plants, but had a negative impact on eco-enzyme concentrations of 15 ml and 22.5 ml. Thus, it can be concluded that administering eco-enzymes as organic fertilizer provides the most effective effect at the level of 7.5 ml
Vegetable Waste Rind Eco-enzyme Plant height Number of Leaves
INNOVATION OF MUSHROOM NUGGETS FORTIFIED MORINGA LEAVES AS ANTIOXIDANT SOURCE
This study aims to determine the effect of the type of mushroom on the product quality of mushroom nuggets fortified with moringa leaves with organoleptic and chemical parameters and to determine the level of antioxidant activity. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one treatment factor (type of mushroom). The mushrooms used are oyster mushrooms, straw mushrooms, and enoki mushrooms. The result showed that all samples of mushroom nuggets were acceptable to the panelists, with levels of preference ranging from neutral to favorable. Mushroom nuggets fortified with Moringa leaves have a protein content of 14.90-15.51% and a fat content of 8.78-9.68%. The results of the data analysis showed that the control nuggets were significantly different from all the nuggets treated with different types of mushrooms in the parameters of aroma, taste, and texture. However, the treatment of the nuggets with different types of mushrooms did not show significant differences in the parameters of aroma, taste, and texture. The effects of different types of mushrooms on the protein and fat content of the nuggets were not significant (p > 0.05). The IC50 value of the antioxidant activity of mushroom nuggets fortified with Moringa leaves ranged from 5,500 ppm–34,547 ppm, with a very active category.
OPTIMIZING FIXATION DURATION FOR ENHANCED CLARITY IN Pediculus humanus-capitis WHOLE MOUNT PREPARATIONS USING 10% KOH AT 70°C
This study evaluates the optimal fixation duration using 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 70°C for whole mount preparations of Pediculus humanus capitis (head lice). Accurate head lice identification is crucial for effective public health management. Specimens were fixed for 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 minutes at 70°C, then processed through rinsing, acetic acid treatment, dehydration, and clearing before mounting for microscopic examination. Results showed that 25 minutes of fixation provided the clearest and most detailed preparations. This duration effectively achieved tissue dehydration and clarification without significant damage. Fixation for 20 minutes was insufficient, resulting in opaque specimens due to incomplete KOH diffusion. Conversely, 40 minutes of fixation caused over-fixation, leading to tissue damage and poorer color quality. The study underscores the importance of finding the right fixation duration. While shorter times are inadequate, longer durations can degrade specimen quality. A 25-minute fixation at 70°C is optimal for balancing clarity and structural preservation, improving head lice identification. This method enhances the quality of whole mount preparations and provides practical guidance for accurate and reliable ectoparasite examination in clinical and research settings.
IDENTIFICATION OF PTERIDOPHYTES DIVERSITY IN THE MOUNTAINOUS AREA OF BUNTU SARONG VILLAGE, MASALLE DISTRICT, ENREKANG REGENCY
Ferns (Pteridophyte) are members of the kingdom plantae that contribute to Indonesia's biodiversity, especially the diversity of flora. Ferns have an important role in maintaining the balance of the ecosystem. In addition to having ecological value in the ecosystem as a source of germplasm, ferns also have the potential to be useful to support people's lives. However, in fact ferns are still less well-known and receive less attention than other plants. This is because one of the reasons is that people are less familiar with ferns. This study aims to identify the types of ferns (Pteridophyte) in the mountainous area of ​​Buntu Sarong Village, Masalle District, Enrekang Regency. Data collection was carried out using the exploration method at certain points in the research location that were considered potential, then recording, documenting, identifying and classifying the Pterydophyta found. The research at the research location successfully identified and documented 16 species of Pteridophyte, namely Psilotum nudum, Lycopodium, Selaginella delicatula, Equisetum hyemale, Odontosoria chinensis, Gleichenia linearis, Adiantum sp., Christella parasitica, Aspelinum nidus, Cyathea cooperi, Angiopteris evecta, Deparia petersenii, Microsorum punctatum, Drynaria quercifolia, Microsorum punctatum, Microsorum scolopendria, Drymoglossum piloselloides. The identified Pteridophyte are classified into 13 families (Lycopodiaceae, Psilotaceae, Equisetaceae, Marattiaceae, Lindsaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Adiantaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Asplenidaceae, Chyatheaceae, Athyriaceae, Polypodiaceae) and 5 classes (Lycopodiopsida, Psilotopsida, Equisetopsida, Marattiopsida, Polypodiopsida).
INDUCTION OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN MELON (Cucumis melo L.) M15 WITH HORMOPRIMING BRASSINOSTEROID BASED ON MORFOLOGY, ANATOMY, AND PHYSIOLOGY ASPECTS
Melon productivity in Indonesia has been declining. Global climate change is affecting the productivity of melons. Long-term droughts have contributed to a reduction in plant growth and development. Hormopriming is an alternative to increase the germination and growth of melon plants by soaking seeds in a solution of plant growth regulators. Brassinosteroid can enhance germination and plant tolerance under drought conditions. The objective of this research is to examine the impact of brassinosteroid hormopriming treatment on the germination and growth of melon plants subjected to various degrees of drought stress. The study utilized a two-factor fully randomized design. The brassinosteroid concentrations used were 0, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.15 ppm. Media with different water capacities of 75%, 50%, and 25% Space Capacity (SC) were used to test drought stress resistance. Water capacities were examined using the gravimetric method. This study's findings suggest that treating melon plants with brassinosteroid variations can induce drought resistance in M15 melons. A brassinosteroid concentration of 0.15 ppm is the best concentration, as it can increase all parameters of plant growth and adaptation under each variation of water availability provided. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for melon cultivators constrained by dry land conditions to increase the efficiency of cultivation.
ANTHER DEVELOPMENT ANATOMY OF Cleome rutidosperma DC. (CLEOMACEAE) IN LOMBOK
Cleome rutidosperma DC is a plant native to tropical Africa, India and Indochina, and it has become an invasive weed plant introduced to Indonesia, especially on the islands of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands, including Lombok, to the Australian continent. C. rutidosperma belongs to the Brassicaceae order which has cleistogamy flowers. The aim of this research is to determine the anatomical development of the C. rutidosperma anther. This observation was carried out in April-June 2024, at the Advanced Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Lombok. The samples used are flower buds of C. rutidosperma which are divided into 7 phases of development. The research results shown that anatomical structure of the anther of C. rutidosperma plants were analyzed descriptively. The results include various developments of flower buds, anther development, anther transverse slice preparations of each phase of development and anther locus of each development of C. rutidosperma plants presented in the form of images and descriptions. The results were obtained that there were changes in the structure of the anther tissue in each phase and this occurs along with the development of pollen. As the anther phase increases, the structures that make up the anther support the release of mature pollen.
Cleome rutidosperma, Cleomaceae, Anther development, Lombok.
DIGITALIZATION TRANSFORMATION OF ESD-ORIENTED E-CATALOGUE-BASED BIOLOGY LEARNING TO IMPROVE STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Digitalization transformation in learning refers to the use of information and communication technology to improve the learning and teaching process. In the digital era, teaching materials can be accessed in electronic form. One of the electronic teaching materials that can be used is e-catalog, which is an electronic-based catalog innovation, which is easier to learn anytime and anywhere, cheap and easy to share. However, teaching materials used in learning biology in high school are mostly textbooks that have not been digitized. Various environmental problems that currently arise are not entirely derived from the development of the industrial and technological sectors, but the weak level of human literacy, including attitudes and behaviors towards the environment. This causes the relationship between humans and the environment to be less dynamic. Good environmental education can help raise public awareness about the importance of protecting the environment. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is considered necessary to be integrated into the curriculum content and implemented into learning. The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation and effectiveness of ESD-oriented e-catalog-based learning digitalization transformation on the concept of environmental change can improve student learning outcomes. This research method uses a Research and Development (R&D) approach, adapting the ADDIE development model. The ESD-oriented e-catalog on the concept of environmental change has a validity value of 96.40% with a very valid category. The practicality value is 94.56% with a very practical category. The effectiveness value of the N-Gain score for cognitive learning outcomes is 75.12% with a fairly effective category. This ESD-oriented e-catalog can be implemented by being used as a comparison and reference material in developing innovative teaching materials to prepare students for the 21st century.
Digitization E-catalog ESD Learning outcomes
DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE LEARNING DEVICES ORIENTED ESD ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION MATERIALS TO IMPROVE STUDENTS' CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS AND ENVIRONMENTAL LITERACY
This research aims to develop Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)-oriented science learning tools on environmental pollution material to improve critical thinking skills and environmental literacy for junior high school students. This research is development research (R&D) using a 4D model which includes the define, design, develop and disseminate stages. The tools developed consist of Teaching Modules, Student Worksheets, learning media, and evaluation instruments. Expert validation results show the device is feasible with an average score of 4.2/5. In a limited trial at SMP Negeri 2 Bojong Tegal, the implementation of the Teaching Module was 89%, 81% of students were actively involved, 87% gave positive responses. There was an increase in students' critical thinking skills (average 80.2) and environmental literacy (average 84.5). Success was supported by the application of the ESD approach with project learning, case studies, group discussions, and contextual-interactive media. Implementation of the Independent Curriculum with Teaching Modules and ATP increases student learning independence. The constraints of limited time and inadequate facilities were overcome by efficient time management and teacher creativity. Overall, the tools are valid, practical, effective, in accordance with the Independent Curriculum and 21st century learning with high-level thinking skills, environmental literacy and learning technology.