Effect of Printing Speed on the Properties of 3D Printed Products Using Recycled PET Filament
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26877/asset.v8i3.2049Keywords:
fused deposition modeling, recycled PET filament, 3D printing parameters, materials engineering, mechanical properties, sustainable product designAbstract
Recycled PET has been widely studied for its potential use in 3D printing applications. However, few research has examined how printing speed affects recycled PET filament products' mechanical and physical qualities. This research examines how printing speed influences the physical and mechanical qualities of 3D-printed PET filament goods created from mineral water bottle trash. In this study, filament fabrication is carried out using the homemade pultrusion machine, then the filament is used for 3D printing with variations in printing speed (30, 45, and 60 mm/s). The conducted tests comprise density, tensile, hardness, and compressive testing to examine their physical and mechanical properties. This research found that 45 mm/s printing produced specimens with the maximum density, tensile strength, and hardness. The material reached a density of 0.968 g/cm³, tensile strength of 15.752 N/mm², and hardness of 43.50 Shore D under these circumstances. In contrast, specimens printed at 30 mm/s and 45 mm/s showed the greatest (10.841 N/mm²) and lowest (6.510 N/mm²) compressive strengths. The density, hardness, and tensile strength of 3D-printed specimens improved as the printing speed increased from 30 to 45 mm/s. Printing rates above 45 mm/s reduced specimen density, hardness, and tensile strength. This work promotes sustainable manufacturing by showing that recycled PET filament may be used for 3D printing and how printing speed affects material qualities, thereby promoting sustainable production practices and reduce dependence on virgin materials.
References
[1] C. Lee, Y.-C. Jang, K. Choi, B. Kim, H. Song, and Y. Kwon, “Recycling, Material Flow, and Recycled Content Demands of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles towards a Circular Economy in Korea,” Environments, vol. 11, no. 2. pp. 1–14, 2024. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/environments11020025.
[2] M. Zulhusni, C. A. Sari, and E. H. Rachmawanto, “Implementation of DenseNet121 Architecture for Waste Type Classification,” Adv. Sustain. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–9, 2024.
[3] T. Massoud and J. Dsilva, “Closing the PET plastic recycling loop: A sustainable transformation from plastic to fiber,” Next Sustain., vol. 6, pp. 1–9, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxsust.2024.100095.
[4] H. Kieserling et al., “Towards understanding particle-protein complexes: Physicochemical, structural, and cellbiological characterization of β-lactoglobulin interactions with silica, polylactic acid, and polyethylene terephthalate nanoparticles,” Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2025.114702
[5] S. Ahmed, D. Shan, and W. Zhou, “Advances in Recycling and Resource Recovery of Post-Consumer Polyethylene Terephthalate ( PET ) Waste for Sustainable Waste Management and Circular Economy,” ENERGY Environ. Econ., vol. 2025, pp. 1–18, 2025.
[6] L. Toth, E. Slezák, K. Bocz, and F. Ronkay, “Progress in 3D printing of recycled PET,” Mater. Today Sustain., vol. 26, pp. 1–13, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtsust.2024.100757.
[7] A. Toghan, O. K. Alduaij, M. M. S. Sanad, and N. A. Elessawy, “Scalable Engineering of 3D Printing Filaments Derived from Recycling of Plastic Drinking Water Bottle and Glass Waste.,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 16, no. 22, pp. 1–11, Nov. 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16223195
[8] C. K. Ror, S. Negi, and V. Mishra, “Development and characterization of sustainable 3D printing filaments using post-consumer recycled PET: processing and characterization,” J. Polym. Res., vol. 30, no. 9, pp. 1–11, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-023-03742-2.
[9] R. Ismail, D. F. Fitriyana, F. W. Nugraha, A. P. Bayuseno, and M. I. Ammarullah, “Investigation of the influence of 3D printing parameters on the properties of interference screws made of PLA/PCL/HA biocomposite filaments,” Mater. Technol., vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 1–19, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10667857.2024.2443598
[10] H. Santosa Budiono, F. Hilmy, and I. Taufik, “The Effect of Printing Speed Variations on Dimensional Stability of 3D Printing Results Made from Waste Bottle Filament,” J. E-Komtek, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 187–194, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.37339/e-komtek.v7i1.1114.
[11] A. Yousaf, A. Al Rashid, R. Polat, and M. Koç, “Potential and challenges of recycled polymer plastics and natural waste materials for additive manufacturing,” Sustain. Mater. Technol., vol. 41, pp. 1–23, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2024.e01103.
[12] A. Kumar, R. Bedi, and B. Singh, “Composite materials based on recycled polyethylene terephthalate and their properties – A comprehensive review,” Compos. Part B, vol. 219, no. January, p. 108928, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108928.
[13] D. Fajar, F. Teguh, S. Rudianzah, S. Palanisamy, and H. Noviyanto, “Investigation of the effect of nozzle temperature on the properties of 3D printed pet ( polyethylene terephthalate ) filament from plastic bottle waste,” Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol., vol. 142, pp. 4073–4085, 2026.
[14] J. Jamari, D. F. Fitriyana, P. S. Ramadhan, S. Nugroho, R. Ismail, and A. P. Bayuseno, “Interference screws 3D printed with polymer-based biocomposites (HA/PLA/PCL),” Mater. Manuf. Process., 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10426914.2022.2157428.
[15] E. H. Wijayanto, A. I. Imran, and J. P. Siregar, “Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Spent Coffee Ground and Coffee Husk,” Adv. Sustain. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–8, 2025.
[16] A. I. Imran, J. P. Siregar, T. Cionita, and D. Fajar, “Mechanical Performance of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Wood Dust and Crumb Rubber Waste,” Adv. Sustain. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 0250408-01–08, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.26877/kkjzs792.
[17] R. Chen et al., “Additive manufacturing of complexly shaped SiC with high density via extrusion-based technique – Effects of slurry thixotropic behavior and 3D printing parameters,” Ceram. Int., vol. 48, no. 19, pp. 28444–28454, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.06.158.
[18] M. A. Kumar, M. S. Khan, and S. B. Mishra, “Effect of machine parameters on strength and hardness of FDM printed carbon fiber reinforced PETG thermoplastics,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 27, pp. 975–983, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.291.
[19] C. Tang, J. Liu, Y. Yang, Y. Liu, S. Jiang, and W. Hao, “Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties of 3D printed PLA lattice structures,” Compos. Part C Open Access, vol. 3, pp. 1–15, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2020.100076.
[20] R. Srinivasan, W. Ruban, A. Deepanraj, R. Bhuvanesh, and T. Bhuvanesh, “Effect on infill density on mechanical properties of PETG part fabricated by fused deposition modelling,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 27, pp. 1838–1842, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.03.797.
[21] S. Sahoo, H. Sutar, P. Senapati, B. Shankar Mohanto, P. Ranjan Dhal, and S. Kumar Baral, “Experimental investigation and optimization of the FDM process using PLA,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 74, pp. 843–847, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.11.208.
[22] A. Bist, R. Dobriyal, M. Gwalwanshi, and S. Avikal, “Influence of Layer Height and Print Speed on the Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed ABS,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2481, no. April 2017, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0107304.
[23] M. Ouhsti, B. El Haddadi, and S. Belhouideg, “Effect of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of parts fabricated with open-source 3D printers in PLA by fused deposition modeling,” Mech. Mech. Eng., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 895–907, 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/mme-2018-0070.
[24] S. Solechan et al., “Characterization of PLA/PCL/Nano-Hydroxyapatite (nHA) Biocomposites Prepared via Cold Isostatic Pressing,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 1–17, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15030559.
[25] M. Riza and D. Efendi, “Effect of Infill Density on Mechanical Properties of 3D,” vol. 070025, 2023.
[26] J. Manalu et al., “Effect of Natural Fiber Stacking Sequence on the Properties of Hybrid Composites for Drone Frame Applications,” Adv. Sustain. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–11, 2025.
[27] R. Othman et al., “Relation between density and compressive strength of foamed concrete,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 11, pp. 1–22, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14112967.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
