Motorcycle Passenger-Car Equivalents from Time-Headway Data with Lane-Occupancy Adjustment in Urban Indonesia

Authors

  • Aulia Dewi Fatikasari Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur Indonesia
  • Achmad Dzulfiqar Alfiansyah Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur Indonesia
  • Zaid Dzulkarnain Zubizaretta University of Merdeka Malang Indonesia
  • Rohmahillah Aviskanasya Septiandri University of Jember Indonesia
  • Agistya Rachma Larasati Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur Indonesia
  • Roma Artha Uly Napitupulu Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur Indonesia
  • Linie Rose Dayaday Santacera Central Philippine University Philippines
  • Sinta Nabilah Salma The University of Melbourne Australia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.26877/asset.v8i2.2458

Keywords:

East Surabaya, headway-based PCE, lane-width adjustment, mixed traffic, urban arterials

Abstract

Motorcycles dominate traffic composition in East Surabaya, making the determination of Passenger Car Equivalent (PCE) values for motorcycles a crucial aspect of road performance assessment. This research evaluates motorcycle PCE value on six road sections on Raya Prapen Street, Jemursari Street, Jemur Andayani Street, Panjang Jiwo Street, Kali Rungkut Street, and Rungkut Industri Street, each observed in two directions (12 segments in total), with samples collected during peak hours on Monday (06:00–10:00) and Friday (15:00–19:00). The Time Headway method is used to calculate the PCE value, and followed by statistical procedures, including t-tests and the calculation of the coefficient of determination, were performed using SPSS software. Findings show a strong correlation between PCE values and the characteristics of each road section. The adjusted motorcycle PCE values range from 0.12 to 0.20 across all sections, with site-wise pairs for direction 1/direction 2 as follows: Raya Prapen 0.20/0.16, Jemursari 0.18/0.19, Jemur Andayani 0.14/0.12, Panjang Jiwo 0.20/0.19, Kali Rungkut 0.15/0.16, and Rungkut Industri 0.15/0.14. The result coefficient of determination of R2 = 0.817 indicates a strong association between Time Headway and PCE Values. This research is limited by the assumption of a uniform motorcycle dimension factor across all sections.

Author Biographies

  • Aulia Dewi Fatikasari, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur

    Study Program of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sains, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, East Java, Indonesia

  • Achmad Dzulfiqar Alfiansyah, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur

    Study Program of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sains, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, East Java, Indonesia

  • Zaid Dzulkarnain Zubizaretta, University of Merdeka Malang

    Study Program of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Merdeka Malang, East Java, Indonesia

  • Rohmahillah Aviskanasya Septiandri, University of Jember

    Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Jember, East Java, Indonesia

  • Agistya Rachma Larasati, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur

    Study Program of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sains, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, East Java, Indonesia

  • Roma Artha Uly Napitupulu , Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur

    Study Program of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Sains, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur, East Java, Indonesia

  • Linie Rose Dayaday Santacera, Central Philippine University

    Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Central Philippine University, Iloilo City, Philippines

  • Sinta Nabilah Salma, The University of Melbourne

    Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkvil3le, Australia

References

[1] M. Sharma and S. Biswas, “Estimation of Passenger Car Unit on urban roads: A literature review,” Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol., vol. 10, pp. 283–298, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2020.07.002.

[2] S. Mondal, S. Chakraborty, S. K. Roy, and A. Gupta, “Estimation of passenger car unit for heterogeneous traffic stream of urban arterials: case study of Kolkata,” Int. J. Transp. Res., vol. 15, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19427867.2017.1293313.

[3] K. K. Tottadi, A. Subedi, and A. Mehar, “Effect of varying geometric and traffic characteristics on Passenger Car Unit on two-lane roads,” Adv. Transp. Stud., 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.53136/979122182194926.

[4] A. K. Munshi and A. K. Patnaik, “Genetic programming for estimating passenger car equivalent in unsignalized intersections,” Bull. Polish Acad. Sci. Tech. Sci., vol. 72, no. 3, pp. 1–10, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.24425/bpasts.2024.149180

[5] W. Bay, “Characterization of Heavy Vehicle Headways in Oversaturated Interrupted Conditions : Towards Development of Passenger Car Characterization of Heavy Vehicle Headways in Oversaturated Interrupted Conditions : Towards Development of Passenger Car,” Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol., 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2021.07.002.

[6] A. Hurtado-beltran, L. R. Rilett, D. Ph, and M. Asce, “Impact of CAV Truck Platooning on HCM-6 Capacity and Passenger Car Equivalent Values,” vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 1–16, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1061/JTEPBS.0000492.

[7] N. Kasalawat and T. C. Shahi, “Determination of Motorcycle Equivalent Unit and Road Capacity : A Case Study of Selected Road Sections of Kathmandu Valley,” pp. 59–73, 2024.

[8] A. Qurrata, S. Sugiarto, S. M. Saleh, and Y. Darma, “A preliminary analysis for determining passenger car equivalent value for motorcycle during first lost time and saturation time at pretimed signalized intersections,” vol. 01044, 2024.

[9] Irwandi, A. C. Sutandi, and E. T. Mukti, “The Value of Passenger Car Equivalent using the Time Headway Method on Urban Roads,” Civ. Eng. Dimens., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 33–46, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.9744/ced.27.1.33-46.

[10] E. Bouhouras and S. Basbas, “Passenger Car Equivalent Value for Commercial Vehicles: A New Approach,” Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 354–358, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3311/PPTR.15439.

[11] S. Biswas, S. Chandra, and I. Ghosh, “Estimation of Vehicular Speed and Passenger Car Equivalent Under Mixed Traffic Condition Using Artificial Neural Network,” Arab. J. Sci. Eng., vol. 42, no. 9, pp. 4099–4110, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2597-9.

[12] A. Granà, E. Macioszek, and T. Giuffre, “Editorial: Calculation of Passenger Car Equivalents at Roundabouts,” Front. Built Environ., vol. 7, no. November, pp. 1–3, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2021.797466.

[13] H. Mirzahossein, S. Shahrad, S. Afandizadeh Zargari, and H. Motevalli Habibi, “Determination of Passenger Car Equivalent for Heavy Vehicles in Iran in Comparison with Highway Capacity Manual 2016,” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. - Trans. Civ. Eng., vol. 46, no. 4, pp. 3399–3409, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00725-5.

[14] A. Granà, T. Giuffrè, E. Macioszek, and F. Acuto, “Estimation of Passenger Car Equivalents for Two-Lane and Turbo Roundabouts Using AIMSUN,” Front. Built Environ., vol. 6, no. June, 2020, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2020.00086.

[15] A. Ahmed, S. M. Noman, and A. Qadir, “Estimating Passenger Car Equivalent Factors for Heterogeneous Traffic Using Occupancy-Density Linear Regression Model,” Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, vol. 2676, no. 8, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/03611981221083289.

[16] V. S. Mattungal, “An analytical delay model for multi-class and lane-free traffic condition,” pp. 1–26, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0319325.

[17] A. Pandey, M. Sharma, and S. Biswas, “International Journal of Transportation Concept of heterogeneity index for urban mixed traffic,” Int. J. Transp. Sci. Technol., vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 354–372, 2023, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijtst.2022.02.008.

[18] S. Sugiarto, F. Apriandy, Y. Darma, S. M. Saleh, M. Rusdi, and T. Miwa, “Determining passenger car equivalent (PCEs) for pretimed signalized intersections with severe motorcycle composition using Bayesian linear regression,” PLoS One, vol. 16, no. 9 September, pp. 1–14, 2021, doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256620.

[19] H. Nassiri, S. Tabatabaie, and S. Sahebi, “Delay-based passenger car equivalent at signalized intersections in Iran,” Promet - Traffic Transp., vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 135–142, 2017, doi: https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v29i2.2040.

[20] T. C. Lee, J. W. Polak, M. G. H. Bell, and M. R. Wigan, “The kinematic features of motorcycles in congested urban networks,” Accid. Anal. Prev., vol. 49, pp. 203–211, 2012, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.04.002.

[21] S. Meena and S. K. Singh, “Real-World Emission Assessment of Diesel Passenger Cars in Urban Traffic: A Comparative Analysis of Compliance with Bharat Stage VI Standards,” Adv. Sustain. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.26877/asset.v7i1.1294.

[22] A. M. Arifai and M. F. Arsyad, “Urban Expansion, Climate Vulnerability, and Transportation Resilience: Insights for Sustainable Development,” Adv. Sustain. Sci. Eng. Technol., vol. 7, no. 3, p. 0250307, 2025, doi: https://doi.org/10.26877/zr416x19.

[23] K. D. Vyas and A. K. Patel, “MODIFIED EFFECTIVE AREA APPROACH TO ESTIMATE MOTORCYCLE EQUIVALENT UNITS IN AHMEDABAD CITY,” vol. 8, no. April, pp. 6–16, 2021.

[24] A. Nugroho, S. Soehodho, and J. Sumabrata, “Optimization of Motorcycle EMP Values Based on Traffic Flow Dynamics in the Jabodetabek Metropolitan Area,” vol. 4, no. 2, 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.56940/sc.v4.i2.10.

[25] H. Li, Y. Zhou, S. Li, and H. Zhu, “Passenger car equivalents for urban roads using average time headway of car following conditions,” Adv. Mech. Eng., vol. 11, no. 12, pp. 1–15, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814019897511.

[26] A. Anwaar, D. Van Boxel, M. Volovski, P. Anastasopoulos C, S. Labi, and K. Sinha C, “Using Lagging Headways to Estimate Passenger Car Equivalents on Basic Freeway Sections,” J. Transp. Inst. Transp. Eng., vol. 2, no. 1, p. pp 5-17, 2011.

[27] R. Srinivasa Rao, V. S. S. R. Gupta, Y. Nitesh, and G. Venkata Rao, “Review on passenger car unit studies in homogeneous and heterogeneous traffic flow-a perspective,” Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol., vol. 8, no. 8, pp. 1279–1289, 2017.

[28] P. C. Wardhani and A. D. Alfiansyah, “the Impact of the Pce Mc Correction Value Using Modified Average Time Headway Method To Road Performance (Case Study: Veteran Street, Malang City),” Ci-Tech, vol. 3, no. 01, pp. 9–14, 2022, doi: https://doi.org/10.33005/ci-tech.v3i01.51

Downloads

Published

2026-04-30

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 2 (2026): February-April

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.