PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SOFT CORAL Nephthea sp. EXTRACT ISOLATED AGAINST Escherichia coli
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26877/bioma.v15i1.3070Keywords:
soft coral, antibacterial activity, phytochemical, Nephthea sp., sequential macerationAbstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of Nephthea sp. extract against Escherichia coli and to analyze the phytochemical constituents present in Nephthea sp. using various solvents. The extraction process was carried out using the maceration method with three different solvents: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. The resulting extracts were analyzed through phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity assays. The results showed that Nephthea sp. extract contained several classes of bioactive metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, steroids, tannins, and saponins. Antibacterial testing demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extract produced the largest inhibition zone, measuring 3.16 mm. Based on the ANOVA test results, the 25% concentration showed a significant effect on the inhibition zone. Based on phytochemical analysis, the ethyl acetate extract contained triterpenoid compounds, whereas the other solvents did not
References
Abdelhafez, O. H., Fahim, J. R., El Masri, R. R., Salem, M. A., Desoukey, S. Y., Ahmed, S., Kamel, M. S., Pimentel-Elardo, S. M., Nodwell, J. R., & Abdelmohsen, U. R. (2021). Chemical and biological studies on the soft coral Nephtheasp. RSC Advances, 11(38), 23654–23663. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra03045k
Blunt, J. W., Copp, B. R., Keyzers, R. A., Munro, M. H. G., & Prinsep, M. R. (2014). Marine natural products. Natural Product Reports, 31 (2), 160-258. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3np70117d
Chama, M. A., Dziwornu, G. A., Popli, E., Mas-Claret, E., Egyir, B., Ayine-Tora, D. M., Owusu, K. B. A., Reid, D. G., Osei-Safo, D., Duer, M., Mulholland, D., & Bender, A. (2023). Antimicrobial and in silico studies of the triterpenoids of Dichapetalum albidum. Heliyon, 9(7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18299
Chung PYK, G. M. C. B. (2022). Pentacyclic triterpenoids as antibiofilm agents against methicillin-resistant and biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Curr Pharm Biotechnol, 26(6), 828–834. • DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210806092643
do Nascimento, J. B., & da Costa, J. G. M. (2025). Flavonoids: A Review of Antibacterial Activity Against Gram-Negative Bacteria. In International Journal of Microbiology (Vol. 2025, Issue 1). John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1155/ijm/9961121
Fahrudin, F., Andika Pramana, F., Salshabil, K., Alma’arik, D., & Hamida, F. (2025). Analisis aktivitas antioksidan dan metabolit sekunder biota laut karang lunak Nephthea sp. Jurnal Kesehatan Tambusai, 6 (2) : 8965-8974. DOI:10.31004/jkt.v6i2.45507
Gil-Martín, E., Forbes-Hernández, T., Romero, A., Cianciosi, D., Giampieri, F., & Battino, M. (2022). Influence of the extraction method on the recovery of bioactive phenolic compounds from food industry by-products. Food Chemistry, 378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131918
Gomes, T. A. T., Elias, W. P., Scaletsky, I. C. A., Guth, B. E. C., Rodrigues, J. F., Piazza, R. M. F., Ferreira, L. C. S., & Martinez, M. B. (2016). Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 47 (1), 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.015
Hamzah, H., Hertiani, T., Pratiwi, S. U. T., & Nuryastuti, T. (2019). The inhibition activity of tannin on the formation of mono-species and polymicrobial biofilm, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Majalah Obat Tradisional, 24(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.22146/mot.44532
Kaczmarek, B. (2020). Tannic acid with antiviral and antibacterial activity as a promising component of biomaterials: A minireview. Materials, 13 (14). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13143224
Karthikeyan, A., Joseph, A., & Nair, B. G. (2022). Promising bioactive compounds from the marine environment and their potential effects on various diseases. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 20 (1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-021-00290-4
Leal, M. C., Puga, J., Serôdio, J., Gomes, N. C. M., & Calado, R. (2012). Trends in the discovery of new marine natural products from invertebrates over the last two decades - where and what are we bioprospecting? PLoS ONE, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030580
Luringunusa, E., Sanger, G., Sumilat, D. A., Montolalu, R. I., Damongilala, L. J., & Dotulong, D. V. (.). Qualitative phytochemical analysis of Gracilaria verrucosa from North Sulawesi Waters. Jurnal Ilmiah Platax, 11(2), 2023. https://doi.org/10.35800/jip.v10i2.48777
Roy, U. K., Nielsen, B. V., & Milledge, J. J. (2021). Antioxidant production in Dunaliella. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11 (9). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11093959
Rozirwan, R., Bengen, D. G., Zamani, N. P., Effendi, H., & Chaidir, C. (2015). Screening for the potential bioactive compounds of antibacterial activity in soft coral collected from South Bangka Island Waters and Lampung Bay. Jurnal Ilmu Dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v6i2.9005
Sapara, T.U., Olivia W., Juliatri. 2016. Efektivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun pacar air (impatiens balsamina L.) terhadap pertumbuhan Porphyromonas gingivalis. PHARMACON Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.35799/pha.5.2016.13968
Rusli, R., Ningsih, B. A., Rahmadani, A., Febrina, L., Maulidya, V., & Fadraersada, J. (2019). Isolation and evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of flavonoid from Ficus variegata blume. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 19(2), 538–543. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.23947
Yurchenko, A. N., Girich, E. V., & Yurchenko, E. A. (2021). Metabolites of marine sediment-derived fungi: actual trends of biological activity studies. Marine Drugs (Vol. 19, Issue 2). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/MD19020088
Zhang, Z., Cao, M., Shang, Z., Xu, J., Chen, X., Zhu, Z., & Zhang, J. (2025). Research progress on the antibacterial activity of natural flavonoids. Antibiotics, 14(4), 334.
