Analysis and Design Android Augmented Reality Platform (Bilingual) for the Preservation of Cirebon Glass Paintings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26877/asset.v8i1.2784Keywords:
Augmented Reality, User-Centered Design (UCD), photogrammetry, cultural heritage preservation, mobile performanceAbstract
This study analyzes and designs a bilingual Android Augmented Reality (AR) platform to support the digital preservation of Cirebon Glass Paintings. The development uses Unity and AR Core with a human-centered design approach. A total of 30 participants (n=30) evaluated usability and performance. 3D assets were produced using photogrammetry with an optimized polygon budget of ≤25,000 triangles per object. Model compression applied Draco and KTX2 to reduce memory load. Benchmark testing was conducted on Snapdragon 720G class devices. Experimental results show that the platform achieved a stable performance of ≥30 FPS (mean = 32.6 FPS) and low tracking error (RMSE = 1.8–2.3 cm) under indoor lighting. Usability testing yielded a mean System Usability Scale (SUS) score of 81.4 ± 6.2, indicating excellent user acceptance. Compared with existing AR heritage applications, this research provides a reproducible pipeline for AR-based cultural digitization with performance guarantees on mid-range smartphones. The findings imply that optimized AR asset workflows can enhance public interaction with intangible cultural heritage such as Cirebon Glass Paintings. Limitations include restricted device testing and the need for more complex ecotourism content integration in future development.
References
[1] Wahyusukma TP, Muchyidin A, Nursuprianah I. Macan Ali In The Cirebon Glass Painting: The Study Of Ethnomathematics. Journal of Mathematics Instruction, Social Research and Opinion 2022;1:27–40. https://doi.org/10.58421/misro.v1i1.9
[2] Skare M, Riberio Soriano D. How globalization is changing digital technology adoption: An international perspective. Journal of Innovation and Knowledge 2021; 6:222–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2021.04.001
[3] Chovanec S, Gschanes S, Tölgyesi B, Bakk ÁK. Augmented Reality’s Role in Strengthening Human-Nature Connections: A Systematic Review. Proceedings of the 27th International Academic Mindtrek Conference, 2024, p. 286–93.
https://dl.acm.org/doi/abs/10.1145/3681716.3689450
[4] Mulyo D, Rante H, Sukaridhoto S. Implementation of Gamification in an Augmented Reality Application for Learning Batik. 2025 International Electronics Symposium (IES), IEEE; 2025, p. 957–64. DOI: 10.1109/IES67184.2025.11160934
[5] Liu K, Liu J. A study of the educational applications of Augmented Reality in museums. Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Big Data and Informatization Education, 2025, p. 209–14. https://doi.org/10.1145/3729605.3729642
[6] Wang Z, Foo K, Yan S, Gonzalez VA, Giacaman N. Refresh Rate and Graphical Benchmarks for Mobile VR Application Development. Journal of Mobile Multimedia 2022; 18:1561–98. DOI: 10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1865
[7] Lima IB, Jeong Y, Lee C, Suh G, Hwang W. Severity of usability problems and system usability scale (Sus) scores on augmented reality (ar) user interfaces. ICIC Express Lett Part B Appl 2021 ;12:175–83.
[8] Martin-Gomez A, Li H, Song T, Yang S, Wang G, Ding H, et al. Sttar: surgical tool tracking using off-the-shelf augmented reality head-mounted displays. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 2023; 30:3578–93. DOI: 10.1109/TVCG.2023.3238309
[9] Hadi W, Tansliova L, Hutagalung T. Augmented Reality as an Innovative Tool for Digitizing North Sumatran Folklore: Enhancing Educational Tourism Media Literacy for Children With Special Needs in Indonesia. Theory & Practice in Language Studies (TPLS) 2025;15. DOI: 10.17507/tpls.1506.29
[10] Paul T, Beniwal A, Rohil MK. Improved 3D reconstruction pipeline for enhancing the quality of 3D model generation from multi-view images. Scientific Reports 2025; 15:33231. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-18318-x
[11] Belda-Medina J. Augmented Reality in CLIL Settings: Enhancing Language and Content Integration. Contemporary Educational Technology 2025;17.
https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/16109
[12] Hassan MS, Shamardan H-EM, Sadek RA. An Improved Compression Method for 3D Photogrammetry Scanned High Polygon Models for Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, and 3D Printing Demanded Applications. Internet of Things Applications and Future: Proceedings of ITAF 2019, Springer; 2020, p. 187–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3075-3_13
[13] Matvieiev M. Analysis Of Optimization Methods Of Web Relationships With Augmented Reality. Системи Управління, Навігації Та Зв’язку Збірник Наукових Праць 2024;4:106–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26906/SUNZ.2024.4.106
[14] Nguyen M, Vats S, Van Damme S, van der Hooft J, Vega MT, Wauters T, et al. Characterization of the quality of experience and immersion of point cloud videos in augmented reality through a subjective study. Ieee Access 2023;11:128898–910. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3326374
[15] Li H, Qi J. Real-Time Object Detection and Boundary Extraction in Augmented Reality Using Lightweight Deep Learning Models with Unity Sentis. Proceedings of the 2025 6th International Conference on Computer Information and Big Data Applications, 2025, p. 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1145/3746709.3746719
[16] Ren J, Gao L, Wang X, Ma M, Qiu G, Wang H, et al. Adaptive computation offloading for mobile augmented reality. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 2021;5:1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3494958
[17] Tasfia S, Islam MN, Nusrat SA, Jahan N. Evaluating usability of AR-based learning applications for children using SUS and heuristic evaluation. Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Trends in Computational and Cognitive Engineering: TCCE 2022, Springer; 2023, p. 87–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9483-8_8
[18] Wu F, Wu B, Zhao D. Real-time measurement of individual tree structure parameters based on augmented reality in an urban environment. Ecological Informatics 2023;77:102207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102207
[19] Meghani A, Khode S, Roy S, Amid M. Mixed Reality (MR) Environment for Visualizing Pipeline Integrity Along With Case Studies. ASME India Oil and Gas Pipeline Conference, vol. 87226, American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2023, p. V001T02A004. https://doi.org/10.1115/IOGPC2023-119063
[20] Lopez-Cazares AP, Cardona-Reyes H, Guzman-Mendoza JE, Ortiz-Esparza MA. User-Centered Design for Creating Augmented Reality Stories for Primary Education. New Challenges in Software Engineering: Volume 1, Springer; 2025, p. 47–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-90310-6_4
[21] Amin YM, Meftin NK, Nas YF, Al-Dulaimi MKH, Hamid AS, Noga H, et al. Human-Computer Interaction in Augmented Reality Environments: Design Principles and User Experiences. 2024 36th Conference of Open Innovations Association (FRUCT), IEEE; 2024, p. 372–80. 10.23919/FRUCT64283.2024.10749913
[22] Gupta YP, Mukul, Gupta N. Deep learning model based multimedia retrieval and its optimization in augmented reality applications. Multimedia Tools and Applications 2023;82:8447–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13555-y
[23] Bagassi S, De Crescenzio F, Piastra S. Augmented reality technology selection based on integrated QFD-AHP model. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 2020;14:285–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-019-00583-6
[24] Ye W, Li Y. Design and research of digital media art display based on virtual reality and augmented reality. Mobile Information Systems 2022;2022:6606885. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/6606885
[25] Ramadhani SR, Limin FS. Improving learning motivation by applying user-centred design and augmented reality on 3D interactive application. JITK (Jurnal Ilmu Pengetahuan Dan Teknologi Komputer) 2023;9:8–16. https://doi.org/10.33480/jitk.v9i1.4124
[26] Illahi FAF, Laksitowening KA, Nurtantyana R. User-Centered Design Approach in Mobile AR: Application for Hydrocarbon Visualization in Chemistry Course. JURNAL INFOTEL 2025;17:38–53. https://doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v17i1.1221
[27] Visescu I, Lárusdóttir M, Choi W. Exploration of UCD Practice Limitations. Interacting with Computers 2024:iwae046. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwae046
[28] Goel G, Tanwar P, Sharma S. UI-UX design using user centred design (UCD) method. 2022 International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI), IEEE; 2022, p. 1–8. DOI: 10.1109/ICCCI54379.2022.9740997
[29] Wegener A, Fausel K, Haug S, Maedche A. A Universal Web Accessibility Feedback Form: A Participatory Design Study. Proceedings of the 21st International Web for All Conference, 2024, p. 106–17. https://doi.org/10.1145/3677846.3677853
[30] Almenara AP, Elich JH, Saltiveri TG. Past, present and future of user-centred design methodologies that empathise with the user and generate better accessible experiences. from theory to practice. Future Perspectives on Human-Computer Interaction Research: Towards the Year 2030, Springer; 2024, p. 17–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-71697-3_2
[31] Caldarelli A, Di Tore S, Ceccacci S, Todino MD, Campitiello L, Giaconi C. Co-Designing immersive and inclusive virtual museum with children and people with disabilities: A pilot study. 2022 international conference on computational science and computational intelligence (CSCI), IEEE; 2022, p. 1964–9. DOI: 10.1109/CSCI58124.2022.00353
[32] Sulastri H, Shofa RN, Rahayu AU, Hiron N. Implementation of User Center Design (UCD) in Achieving Design by Focusing on End Users in the Caribi Mobile Application. Journal Unmun 2023:207–18. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-180-7_23
[33] Schwoerer K. Designing with end-users in mind: principles and practices for accessible, usable, and inclusive open government platforms. Research Handbook on Open Government, Edward Elgar Publishing; 2025, p. 239–52. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035301652.00025
[34] Santos AV de F, Silveira Z de C. AT-d8sign: Methodology to support development of assistive devices focused on user-centered design and 3D technologies. Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2020;42:260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-020-02347-w
[35] Barbieri L, Marino E, Bruno F, Muzzupappa M, Colacino B. User-centered design of an augmented reality inspection tool for industry 4.0 operators. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing (IJIDeM) 2025;19:3321–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12008-024-01931-x
[36] Nurkhaeriyah N, Bastoni B, Triutama OP, Nisa ANK. Sunyaragi Cave as a Cultural Heritage Tourist Attraction of the People of Cirebon. Jurnal Toursci 2024;1:157–65. https://doi.org/10.62885/toursci.v1i4.202
[37] Putri RI, Bauty SMP, Putera SA. Visualization of morphology Keraton Kasepuhan Cirebon Siti Inggil complex through virtual reality technology. BIS Information Technology and Computer Science 2024;1:V124016–V124016. https://doi.org/10.31603/bistycs.134
[38] Djuniwarti D, Kurniawan H, Karisa S. Pengembangan Motif Batik Singobarong Keraton Cirebon Bergaya Flatdesign Untuk Generasi Millenial. Bookchapter ISBI Bandung 2023.
[39] Hasbunallah A, Muslimin JM, Dusturia N. Macan Ali: A symbol of Acculturation between Islam and Javanese Mysticism in Cirebon. Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage 2024;13:81–105. DOI: 10.31291/hn.v13i1.734
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Advance Sustainable Science Engineering and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
