Transit-Oriented Development and Integrated Urban Transport Systems: Technical Assessment and Case Study of Cirebon Station, Indonesia

Abstract

This study is an empirical case study that evaluates the potential for developing the area surrounding Cirebon Station into a Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) zone. The research uses a mixed-method approach, combining descriptive–qualitative spatial analysis with quantitative survey-based modeling. Spatial data were generated through field observation, interviews, and GIS mapping within an 800-meter radius of the station, while primary quantitative data were obtained from a purposive sample of 33 respondents (n = 33) who have direct involvement or knowledge of the station area. Descriptive statistics were used to describe existing conditions and respondent characteristics, while correlation and linear regression analyses were applied to examine the influence of TOD on the Integrated Urban Transportation System. The results show a moderate positive relationship between TOD and integrated transportation performance, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.550. The regression model produces a coefficient of determination of R² = 0.302, indicating that 30.2% of the variation in the Integrated Urban Transportation System can be explained by TOD factors such as accessibility, transport mode integration, land-use optimization, and public facility provision, while the remaining 69.8% is influenced by other variables not captured in the model. Despite these positive results, the findings should be interpreted cautiously due to key limitations, including a small sample size (n = 33) and moderate instrument reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.602), which may constrain the statistical power and generalizability of the results. From an engineering and planning perspective, the results imply that prioritizing TOD-based interventions such as improving pedestrian access, integrating public transport modes, and coordinating land-use zoning around Cirebon Station can significantly strengthen urban transport integration and reduce reliance on private vehicles. Future work should expand the sample size, improve measurement reliability, and incorporate additional explanatory variables to develop more robust TOD implementation models for corridor-scale urban transport planning.